Pseudo-omni-directional beamforming with multiple narrow-band beams

ABSTRACT

In a technique for communication with a station on a wireless network, the technique includes forming a plurality of narrow-band beams, each having a different angular direction from an antenna of a base station and collectively distributed over a beamspace to form a pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern. That beamspace may span an entire spherical region or a portion thereof, for example, when the narrow-band beams are broadcast over a sector of an entire spherical region. The technique may assign each of the plurality of narrow-band beams to a different frequency band (such as a different channel band or sub-channel) on the wireless network. The technique may simultaneously broadcast the plurality of narrow-band beams in a time-varying manner such that the angular direction of each of the plurality of narrow-band beams varies with time, where that variation may be random or ordered.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application in a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/197,527, filed Aug. 25, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application Nos. 60/957,518, entitled “Omni-DirectionalBeamforming With Multiple Narrow-Band Beams,” filed on Aug. 23, 2007,and 60/992,896, entitled “Pseudo-Omni-Directional Beamforming WithMultiple Narrow-Beam Beams,” filed on Dec. 6, 2007, which are bothhereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present disclosure relates generally to communication devices, andmore particularly, to techniques for controlling the beam patterns fromantennas on communication devices.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Signal reception in a wireless network is a function of numerousvariables, some optimized at the time of conception and design, otherscontingent on variations during use. One of these variables, in thiscase a design option, is the type of antenna used on the network.

In a wireless network, typically every transceiver uses an RF antenna tosend and receive signals. Base stations and other signal hubs useantennas to broadcast signals to mobile stations or users on thenetwork. In a short range Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), a routeror signal hub would typically use an omni-directional antenna thattransmits a uniform signal beam pattern covering all directions, thatpattern having a spheroid shape. With omni-directional antennas thesignal is typically weaker because signal energy is spread across auniform distribution. But these antennas more easily identify remotedevices on the network and have a signal strength that is directionallyindependent, only changing with the square of the radial distance to theantenna.

In contrast, many systems use directional antennas that direct a signalbeam in a particular direction, instead of canvassing a large sphericalbeam pattern area. Directional antennas typically exhibit stronger gainalong a particular direction and generally-speaking experience reducedinterference from signals approaching from other directions. Suchdirectionality can be achieved in various ways. Traditional directionalantennas can be formed of arrays of antenna elements. In fact, somerecent WLAN systems, i.e., based on the IEEE 802.11n standard, usemultiple omni-directional antennas in an array configuration to create adirectional beam pattern. Mobile cellular networks use sectoredantennas, for example, three sectored antennas each covering about 120°and each supported by their own antenna set that may consist of 1 to 8antennas. Sectorization and directionality may be achieved by adjustingthe inputs to the antenna array, or by the use of external apertures. Inany configuration, directional antennas offer the advantage of strongersignal strength, although they do require that the target be in aparticular direction for communication. The effectiveness of directionalantennas is thus linked to their effectiveness in directing a beamsignal toward a mobile station.

Beamforming schemes are used to control the beam signal from adirectional antenna. These schemes adjust the magnitude and phase ofeach antenna in a multi-antenna array to ultimately control thedirection of the beam profile (gain profile) produced by the entirearray. In this way, a base station need not send an omni-directionalsignal everywhere, but rather may use various beamforming schemes toidentify and target particular mobile stations, even as those mobilestations move relative to the base station.

There are two conventional techniques for beamforming in a wirelessnetwork: feedback based beamforming and opportunistic beamforming. Withfeedback-based beamforming, a signal is broadcast in every direction,until a mobile station recognizes the signal and responds with afeedback signal indicating the amount of gain needed to be applied tothat broadcast signal to improve reception. Feedback-based beamformingthus improves wireless communication system performance by isolating onthe location of the mobile station and determining the beam signalstrength needed to maintain quality communication with that mobilestation. Opportunistic beamforming performs almost the same as truebeamforming when there are many users present in a wireless system. Thebase station randomly sends out signals, until a mobile station receivesthe signal and responds with the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).The random nature of the broadcast ensures that even if there aremultiple users in the wireless network each one will be in the directionof the beam at some point.

While common, neither beamforming technique is ideal. Feedback-basedbeamforming requires significant amounts of feedback from mobilestations. Opportunistic beamforming reduces the amount of feedbacksubstantially, but introduces long latency times associated withobtaining a good channel signal connection between a base station and amobile station. And of course one could use omni-directional broadcaststo reduce latency, but at the expense of signal strength. Thus, it wouldbe desirable to provide improved beamshaping for antennas in wirelessnetworks.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In one embodiment, a method for communication with a station on awireless network comprises: (a) forming a plurality of narrow-bandbeams, each having a different angular direction from an antenna of abase station, wherein the plurality of narrow-band beams are distributedover a beamspace to form a pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern; (b)assigning each of the plurality of narrow-band beams to a differentfrequency band of the wireless network; and (c) simultaneouslybroadcasting the plurality of narrow-band beams in a time varying mannersuch that the angular direction of each of the plurality of narrow-bandbeams varies with time.

In another embodiment, a method of communication between a base stationand mobile stations in a wireless network comprises: the mobile stationsreceiving a pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern broadcast from the basestation and containing a plurality of narrow-band beams each for adifferent sub-carrier of the wireless network; the mobile stationsdetermining a feedback signal for each of the plurality of narrow-bandbeams received from the base station; and each mobile stationtransmitting the determined feedback signals for receipt at the basestation.

In another embodiment, a transmitting station in a wireless networkcomprises: an antenna; and beamform controller to control the antennaand to assign each of a plurality of narrow-band beams to a differentfrequency band of the wireless network, wherein each of the plurality ofnarrow-band beams has a different angular direction from each other ofthe plurality of narrow-band beams, and wherein the plurality ofnarrow-band beams are distributed over a beamspace to form apseudo-omni-directional beam pattern when broadcast from the antenna,and the beamform controller to simultaneously broadcast the plurality ofnarrow-band beams in a time varying manner such that the angulardirection of each of the plurality of narrow-band beams varies withtime.

In yet another embodiment, a mobile station in a wireless networkcomprises: an antenna to receive a broadcast pseudo-omni-directionalbeam pattern containing a plurality of narrow-band beams each for adifferent frequency band of the wireless network; and a controller todetermine a feedback signal indicating a characteristic property foreach narrow-band beam in the pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern and totransmit the feedback signal for receipt at a base station forscheduling communications between the base station and the mobilestation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates of a base station and mobile stations in a wirelessnetwork;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustration of the base station of FIG. 1showing a beamform controller connected to an antenna array;

FIG. 3 illustrates a randomly varying narrow-band beam signal inaccordance with a conventional opportunistic beamform technique;

FIG. 4A illustrates a pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern as may beproduced by the base station of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4B illustrates the beam pattern of an omni-directional antennaarray;

FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate random shifting of the pseudo-omni-directionalbeam pattern of FIG. 4A at different times;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a technique for communication between thebase station and mobile stations of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example technique for forming apseudo-omni-directional beam pattern from a plurality of base stations;

FIG. 8 illustrates another example technique for forming apseudo-omni-directional beam pattern; and

FIGS. 9A-9F illustrate embodiments of circuits that may incorporate abeamform controller for controlling an antenna array.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication network 100. Thenetwork 100 may be a WLAN network based on any one of the variousInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standardwireless protocols, first promulgated in 1999, and which include atleast IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11n, and 802.11g. In other examples,the network 100 may represent a mobile cellular communications network,a radio broadcast network, a WiMAX network (such as one based on IEEE802.16), or other wireless communication network. The network 100 may bean infrastructure-based network or an ad-hoc network. In the illustratedexample, a base station 102 broadcasts data to and routes data between aplurality of mobile stations 104. The base station 102 may communicatewith a larger area network, server, etc. through a network interface106.

The mobile stations 104 represent any type of remote communicationdevice, whether portable or not, whether physically moving or justremote from the base station 102. Examples include a portable digitalassistant (PDA), cellular phone, vehicle, media player, laptop computer,wireless supported desktop computers, gaming systems, wirelessnetworking devices such as routers, switches, etc., or any otherportable computing device. Additional examples will be discussed below.

In the illustrated example, an antenna 106 and a controller 108 for eachmobile station 104 are shown. The controller 108 receives a broadcastsignal from a base station and received at the antenna 106. As furtherdiscussed below, the controller 108 is able to determine a feedbacksignal indicating a characteristic property of that broadcast signal,for example, a signal-to-noise ratio value for each narrow-band beam ina pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern from the base station. Thecontroller 108 is further able to transmit this feedback signal back tothe base station which may then schedule communications to the mobilestation or among the various mobile stations on the wireless networkbased on this feedback signal.

Protocol-wise, the network 100 may communicate based on one of a numberof acceptable modulation schemes including orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM) based modulation schemes, an example of which isfurther discussed below. Any digital modulation, analog modulation, orspread spectrum schemes may be used, including without limitationphase-shift key, quadrature amplitude modulation, frequency shift key,trellis coded modulation, amplitude shift keying, continuous phasemodulation, frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, phasemodulation, frequency-hopping spread spectrum, and direct-sequencespread spectrum.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example implementation of the base station 102employing a beamforming technique that improves upon conventionalbeamformers. In particular, the base station 102 includes antenna arrayassembly 200 that is capable of achieving pseudo-omni-directionalbeamforming using multiple narrow-band beams (also termed beam signals)to broadcast data on the wireless network 100. As used herein, the term“antenna” refers to both single- and multiple-antenna assemblies, anexample of the later being an antenna array of multiple elements. Thebase station 102 may reduce latency significantly from opportunisticbeamforming techniques and is easily implemented in OFDM systems, andothers, with many sub-carriers. As discussed herein, thispseudo-omni-directional technique may involve randomly or controllablydirecting narrow-band beam signals across an entire three-dimensionalregion to locate and lock onto a mobile station.

For comparison purposes, FIG. 3 shows an example of an opportunisticbeamforming technique in which an antenna is transmitting a singlenarrow-band beam signal 300 in random directions, from a time t=0, to atime t=1, to a time t=2, and so on. At t=0, the narrow-band signal beam300 is directed in a first direction, arbitrarily shown along a y-axisand in a yz-plane. In a WiMax network, t=0 may correspond to a Frame 0signal, for example. At t=1 the narrow-band beam signal 300 has shiftedto another direction (angular position) about a center null of anoverall beamspace 302. At t=2, the narrow-band beam signal 300 hasshifted to yet another direction. Each beam signal is thus broadcastalong a different, randomly-selected beamforming vector, as shown.

For a narrow-band system, opportunistic beamformer controllers generatethe magnitude and phase adjustments for each antenna within the antennaarray in an optimal manner for a given channel distribution. Forexample, if a broadcast channel is Rayleigh fading and the antenna arraycontains two transmitting antennas, then the following optimal magnitudeand phase adjustments would be applied:

-   -   Magnitude: A₁=√{square root over (α₁)}, A₂=√{square root over        (1−α₁)}, with α₁ uniform in[0,1]    -   Phase: θ₁=0,θ₂ uniform in [0,2π]        where, in this example, the controller has received channel        distribution information to better control the random nature of        signal broadcasting.

For a wide-band system, opportunistic beamform controllers generate themagnitude and the phase for each antenna for each narrow-bandsub-channel independently. For example, if the channel is Rayleighfading and there are two transmitting antennas, the controller maygenerate the magnitude and the phase in the following way:

-   -   Magnitude: A₁[k]=√{square root over (α₁[k])}, A₂[k]={square root        over (1−α₁[k])}, with α₁[k]uniform in [0,1]    -   −k: subchannel index    -   Phase: θ₁[k]=0, θ₂[k] uniform in [0,2π]

For an opportunistic beamforming protocol, the base station transmittermay transmit a single beamforming vector randomly. The mobile stationreceiver measures channel quality from the received signal, e.g., in theform of a signal to noise ratio SNR, and transmits this measured channelquality (SNR) back to the base station. For example, the controller 108may identify each narrow-band signal as corresponding to a differentchannel of an OFDM modulation, and then determine the SNR for eachdifferent channel/narrow-band signal. A base station scheduler receivesall the SNR values for all mobile stations and calculates a schedulingmetric for each mobile station based on the received SNR values. Examplescheduling metrics include (1) instantaneous SNR and (2) instantaneousSNR divided by the average SNR over a certain period of time in thepast. The base station scheduler then communicates with a base stationtransmitter to transmit data to the mobile station with the highestscheduling metric. The base station transmitter implements the schedulerequest by randomly changing the beamforming vector over time, which inturn changes the direction of the narrow-band beam signal. For practicalreasons, the change rate on the beamforming vector is very slow.

The instantaneous SNR schedule metric uses the SNR values from eachmobile station taken at a given point in time. In some cases, mobilestations that are closer in proximity to the base station willinherently have a higher SNR, even if the signal beam directed towardthat mobile station is not fully optimized, that is, even if that mobilestation is not in fact receiving the highest possible signal strengthfrom the beamforming vector. Thus, some schemes may use a schedulingmetric, in which the instantaneous SNR is averaged over time, to addresssuch proximity errors.

In any event, returning to FIG. 2, the base station 102 improves uponthese opportunistic beamforming techniques by offeringpseudo-omni-directional beamforming with improved latency and higheraccuracy. The base station 102 includes a transmitter/beamformcontroller 202 that controls beamforming in the array 200 to produce apseudo-omni-directional beam signal. An example pseudo-omni-directionalbeam pattern is shown in FIG. 4A. A beam pattern 400 includes multiplenarrow-band beam signals 402-408 each corresponding to a differentchannel or sub-carrier frequency. The beam signals 402-408 are comparedto a narrow-band of the overall beamspace. The beam signals 402-408 arearranged such that collectively they cover many directions, andcollectively form the pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern 400, wherethe pattern is termed pseudo because unlike the full omni-directionalbeam pattern 410 of FIG. 4B, the entire available beamspace is notsubsumed by the beam signals 402-408. Instead, the beam signals 402-408are arranged to selectively approximate an omni-directional beamspace.

In the illustrated example, the omni-directional beamspace pattern 400created by the narrow-band beams signals 402-408 spans 360°. The signals402-408 rotate to cover all 360° of that pattern 400. In other examples,however, the beamspace may be a sector beamspace that covers less than360°, and the signals may rotate in that sector to cover all angles ofthat sector only. For example, in a mobile cellular network, the 360°beamspace may be divided into three 120° sectors, each with differentnarrow-band beam signals generated by different sector antennaassemblies (e.g., comprising 1 to 8 antennas). Each sector ofnarrow-band beam signals forms a different pseudo-omni-directional beampattern.

The narrow-band beam signals 402-408 are generated depending onfrequency. The beam signals 402-408 may be broadcast simultaneously, butin a uniform distribution manner with respective beam lobes that areorthogonal to one another (with orthogonal beamforming vectors), andthus do not overlap. The particular pattern 400 may then be changedrandomly to allow the base station 102 to identify the mobile stations104 desired for a particular channel, regardless of location.

FIGS. 5A-5C show the beam pattern of FIG. 4A resulting from randomlyshifting the pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern 400 and the beamsignals 402-408 in a random time-varying manner. In the illustration,the beam signals 402-408 maintain their interrelational order, i.e.,looking at the beam pattern the beam channel ordering is maintainedaround the central null. However, the entire beam pattern 400 israndomly shifted from an initial time, t=0, in FIG. 5A, through time t=1in FIG. 5B, to a time t=2 in FIG. 5C. That is, the directions of thenarrow-band beam signals 402-408 may be changed over time, while, at agiven time, generally all beam directions are covered by the multiplebeams 402-408, due to the pseudo-omni-directional distribution of thenarrow-band beams. Further, even with randomization, nearly the entirebeamspace will be polled for mobile stations at any given instant.

While FIGS. 5A-5C are described as illustrating multiple beams broadcastin a random time-varying manner, in other examples these beams may bebroadcast in an ordered time-varying manner, for example, rotatingaround an antenna null at a constant rate. That ordered time-varyingmanner may be a clockwise or counterclockwise rotation about a centralnull of the antenna may be used on the narrow-band beams.

In application, each mobile station 104 may measure the SNR for eachfrequency band signal, i.e., each received narrow-band beam signal402-408, during random broadcasting, and report the SNR back to the basestation 102. For example, the mobile stations 104 may present aquantized SNR or modulation and coding set (MCS) back to the basestation 102. A receiver 204 communicates the SNR data to a controller206 that assesses the SNRs from the various mobile stations, andcommunicates scheduling control data to a scheduler 208 which schedulesthe mobile stations 104 for each frequency band using a schedulingmetric, for example, a proportional-fair scheduling scheme,instantaneous SNR scheme as discussed above, an averaged instantaneousSNR scheme as discussed above, or other scheduling metric.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example protocol 500 for producing apseudo-omni-directional beamforming protocol. In block 502, a basestation transmitter/beamform controller controls an antenna array toestablish a pseudo-omni-directional beamform pattern containing adifferent narrow-band beam signal for each band of sub-carriers. Atblock 504, the mobile station receiver measures the SNR of each channelband received from the base station. At block 506, the mobile stationfeedbacks the SNR signal to the base station, where that SNR signal maybe a quantized signal. Alternatively, the mobile station may feedbackonly the modulation and coding set (MCS) data that can be supportedbetween the base station and the mobile station. Based on the feedbackfrom all the mobile stations, the base station distributes the frequencybands to multiple mobile stations with their requested MCS, at block508. Further, the base station transmitter/beamform controller maychange the beamforming vector over time as desired to maintaincommunication.

A benefit to some systems is that, whereas for feedback-basedbeamforming techniques the mobile station needs to feedback the SNR andthe beamforming vector for each channel band, withpseudo-omni-directional beamforming the mobile station may only feedbackthe SNR for each channel band, not the beamform vector.

FIG. 7 illustrates another example pseudo-omni-directional beamformingtechnique using multiple base stations each producing apseudo-omni-directional beam pattern 600. These beam patterns 600 arecombined to form an overall beam pattern 602. Each base station definesa cell corresponding to the beam pattern 600. And each base stationproduces the same randomly varying beam signals 604-610, e.g., eachcorresponding to a different channel. The patterns 600 are positioned ina uniform manner to direct each channel beam signal 604-610 to point inthe same general beamforming vector direction. For example, channel beamsignal 608 in each base station is pointing in a −z direction, andchannel beam signals 606 are pointing in a +y-direction. In this way,multiple base station may be used to increase signal strength in eachchannel. Further, by coordinating the pseudo-omni-directionalbeamforming from each base station, the signal strength for each channelin a particular direction is increased, while interference among cellsis minimized.

FIG. 7 thus provides an example configuration of how multiple basestations can be configured in space and/or in beamforming directionalityto each produce a pattern of narrow-band beams that have been assignedto the same set of sub-channels or channels of a wide-band bandwidthregion. The sub-channels or channels are assigned in such a way thateach base station may simultaneously broadcast its respective version ofeach sub-channel or channel in generally the same direction.

FIG. 8 illustrates another example beamforming technique, where multipleorthogonal beam signals are generated in each frequency band. The resultis multiple orthogonal beams and multiple narrow-frequency-band beamswill be able to cover more directions uniformly. This technique is basedon the multi-user MIMO concept, where multiple spatial streams aregenerated for a given time and frequency with each stream directed todifferent users. Two different broadcast signal streams eachbroadcasting the four channel bands (i.e., beam signals), result in twosimultaneous broadcasts of each channel band. The channel bands arearranged in an orthogonal configuration, that is, with the same channelband of a first stream being 180° out of phase with that same channelband from a second stream. For example, channel band 700 appears twice180° (700 and 700′) from that produced by the other stream. The same istrue for channel bands 702-706. The prime reference indicates the secondstream.

To use a pseudo-omni-directional beamforming technique in a narrow-bandwireless communication scheme, e.g., one containing one or a smallnumber of channels, each channel may be partitioned into N narrow-bandsub-channels. OFDM systems may be used in this way, with eachsub-channel having a width that is less than the coherence bandwidth ofthe corresponding channel. Take two example scenarios.

First, for a scenario where N>>1, the transmitter/beamform controller(e.g., controller 202) may choose N beamforming vectors (B₁, B₂, . . . ,B_(N)) such that the vectors approximately follow an optimumdistribution, such as approximating an omni-directional beamspace. The Nbeamforming vectors (and corresponding beam signals) may be sized andangularly positioned to be evenly distributed about an entire beamspace,such as with FIGS. 4A, 4B, 5A-5C, 7, and 8 above. Thetransmitter/beamform controller may then randomly assign the beamformingvectors (B₁, B₂, . . . , B_(N)) to different sub-channels (1 to N) uponeach transmission slot. In other examples, the beamforming vectors (B₁,B₂, . . . , B_(N)) may be assigned to each sub-channel (1 to N) in anordered manner upon each transmission slot. For example, for a firsttransmission slot, the controller may assign B₁, B₂, . . . , B_(N) tosub-channels 1 to N, while in a second transmission slot, the controllermay assign B₂, B₃, . . . , B_(N), B₁ to sub-channels 1 to N. By havingthe sub-channel width below the coherence bandwidth of the channel, Nnumber of sub-channels can be altered in this way without signal loss.

Second, for a scenario where N is small enough that N beamformingvectors cannot approximate effectively an optimum distribution, thetransmitter/beamform controller may choose M sets of N beamformingvectors such that the vectors in each set approximately follow theoptimum distribution and such that all MN beamforming vectors follow theoptimum distribution.

For example, let the beamforming vectors be B_(1,1), B_(2,1), . . . ,B_(N,1), B_(1,2), B_(2,2), . . . , B_(N,2), . . . , B_(1,M), B_(2,M), .. . , B_(N,M). That is, the set of vectors may be expressed asS_(i)={B_(1,i), B_(2,i), . . . , B_(N,i)} for 1≦i≦M. The beamformingvectors in each set represent the omni-directional beams. With thebeamforming vectors set, the transmitter/beamform controller may slotthe vectors in one of two ways. One, at each transmission slot, thecontroller may randomly choose i beamform vectors and distribute them tovarious sub-channels 1 to N. Two, the controller may cycle through allthe sets of beamforming vectors, starting from the first set for thefirst transmission slot.

To use a pseudo-omni-directional beamforming technique in a wide-bandwireless communication scheme, e.g., one containing a large number K ofchannels, the entire wideband used bandwidth may be partitioned into Kchannels, with each channel further partitioned into L narrownarrow-band sub-channels, resulting in N=KL sub-channel partitions. As aresult, each channel is almost flat-fading within L consecutivenarrow-band sub-channels. OFDM systems may be used to achieve thissystem as well.

The transmitter/beamform controller may apply the same scheme asomni-directional beamforming for narrow-band systems. Take two examplescenarios. In the first scenario, the controller generates beamformingvectors for each channel band independently, without regard to thebeamforming vectors for the other channel bands. In the second scenario,the controller generates beamforming vectors for each channel band suchthat any L consecutive sub-channels will contain the same set ofbeamforming vectors.

For this second scenario in particular, if L is small enough that the Lbeamform vectors cannot approximate an optimum distribution, thecontroller may first choose M sets of the L beamform vectors such thatthe beamform vectors in each set approximately follow the optimumdistribution, and such that all ML beamforming vectors also follow theoptimum distribution. The beamform vectors are expressed as B_(1,1),B_(2,1), . . . , B_(L,1), B_(1,2), B_(2,2), . . . , B_(L,2), . . . ,B_(1,M), B_(2,M), . . . , B_(L,M). Once the beamform vector sets areestablished, the transmitter/beamform controller assigns the vectors. Insome examples, the controller may assign vectors before eachtransmission slot by randomly choosing i beamforming vectors of the setand distributing B_(1,i), B_(2,i), . . . , B_(L,i) to sub-channel kL+1to kL+L for every k in [0, K−1]. In other examples, the controller maydistribute the set of the beamforming vectors to sub-channel kL+1 tokL+L for every k in [0,K−1] in an orderly way. For example, at the firsttransmission slot, the controller may apply B_(1,1), B_(2,1), . . . ,B_(L,1) to sub-channel kL+1 to kL+L for every k in [0,K−1], and at thesecond transmission slot, apply B_(1,2), B_(2,2), . . . , B_(L,2) tosub-channel kL+1 to kL+L for every k in [0,K−1], etc.

In many OFDM systems, the channel is estimated based on the assumptionthat the channel is not frequency selective, i.e., the channel betweentwo adjacent pilot sub-carriers does not change much. Therefore, it maybe beneficial to use the same beamforming vector for a band ofconsecutive sub-carriers. Furthermore, for OFDM systems, the channelquality for each sub-carrier can be measured by the mobile station andfed-back to the base station. The use of the same beamforming vector fora band of consecutive sub-carriers may also help reduce the amount offeedback, because the channel quality information may simply bedetermined for each band and fed-back to the base station, instead ofdetermining channel quality for each sub-carrier.

For example, for an OFDM transmitter/beamform controller having a 1024Fast Fourier Transformers (FFT) block and corresponding constellationmapping inputs, a total of 1024 sub-carriers may exist. The number ofsub-carriers in one band sharing the same beamforming vector may be 16,as determined by the amount of feedback tolerable at the base stationreceiver. In this example, the maximum number of distinct beamformingvectors will be 1024/16=64. That is, the number of distinct beamformingvectors can be chosen to be anywhere from 1 to 64. The exact number maybe set to stay within the coherence bandwidth of the channel band and tominimize latency. The coherence bandwidth is the band over which thechannel band does not change much in frequency and may be determined bythe RMS delay spread of the channel band. By repeating the beamformingpattern over the coherence bandwidth, it is likely that at least onenarrow-band beam signal has a good channel. Beyond these factors, thenumber of transmit antennas and their orientation within the antennaarray help determine the shape, directivity, and gain of a beam signaland thus will effect the number of orthogonal beamforming vectors, aswell.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, the pseudo-omni-directional beamformingtechniques described herein may be utilized in a high definitiontelevision (HDTV) 920. HDTV 920 includes a mass data storage 927, anHDTV signal processing and control block 922, an RF wireless local areanetwork (WLAN) interface and memory 928. HDTV 920 receives HDTV inputsignals in a wireless format and generates HDTV output signals for adisplay 926. In some implementations, signal processing circuit and/orcontrol circuit 922 and/or other circuits (not shown) of HDTV 920 mayprocess data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations,format data and/or perform any other type of HDTV processing that may berequired.

HDTV 920 may communicate with a mass data storage 927 that stores datain a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices.The mass storage device may be a mini HDD that includes one or moreplatters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. HDTV920 may be connected to memory 928 such as RAM, ROM, low latencynonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronicdata storage. HDTV 920 also may support connections with a WLAN via aWLAN network interface 929. Both the HDTV signal processor 922 and theWLAN network interface 929 may include a beamform controller controllingan antenna array as discussed herein.

Referring now to FIG. 9B, the pseudo-omni-directional beamformingtechniques described herein may be utilized in a vehicle 930. Thevehicle 930 includes a control system that may include mass data storage946, as well as a WLAN interface 948. The mass data storage 946 maysupport a powertrain control system 932 that receives inputs from one ormore sensors 936 such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors,rotational sensors, airflow sensors and/or any other suitable sensorsand/or that generates one or more output control signals 938 such asengine operating parameters, transmission operating parameters, and/orother control signals.

Control system 940 may likewise receive signals from input sensors 942and/or output control signals to one or more output devices 944. In someimplementations, control system 940 may be part of an anti-lock brakingsystem (ABS), a navigation system, a telematics system, a vehicletelematics system, a lane departure system, an adaptive cruise controlsystem, a vehicle entertainment system such as a stereo, DVD, compactdisc and the like.

Powertrain control system 932 may communicate with mass data storage 927that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magneticstorage devices. The mass storage device 946 may be a mini HDD thatincludes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller thanapproximately 1.8″. Powertrain control system 932 may be connected tomemory 947 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such asflash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Powertraincontrol system 932 also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLANnetwork interface 948. The control system 940 may also include mass datastorage, memory and/or a WLAN interface (all not shown). In oneexemplary embodiment, the WLAN network interface 948 may include abeamform controller controlling an antenna array as discussed herein.

Referring now to FIG. 9C, the pseudo-omni-directional beamformingtechniques described herein may be used in a cellular phone 950 that mayinclude a cellular antenna 951. The cellular phone 950 may includeeither or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which aregenerally identified in FIG. 9C at 952, a WLAN network interface 968and/or mass data storage 964 of the cellular phone 950. In someimplementations, cellular phone 950 includes a microphone 956, an audiooutput 958 such as a speaker and/or audio output jack, a display 960and/or an input device 962 such as a keypad, pointing device, voiceactuation and/or other input device. Signal processing and/or controlcircuits 952 and/or other circuits (not shown) in cellular phone 950 mayprocess data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations,format data and/or perform other cellular phone functions.

Cellular phone 950 may communicate with mass data storage 964 thatstores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magneticstorage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. The HDDmay be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameterthat is smaller than approximately 1.8″. Cellular phone 950 may beconnected to memory 966 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memorysuch as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage.Cellular phone 950 also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLANnetwork interface 968 that may include a beamform controller controllingthe antenna array 951 as discussed herein.

Referring now to FIG. 9D, the pseudo-omni-directional beamformingtechniques described herein may be utilized in a set top box 980. Theset top box 980 may include either or both signal processing and/orcontrol circuits, which are generally identified in FIG. 9D at 984, aWLAN interface and/or mass data storage 990 of the set top box 980. Settop box 980 receives signals from a source such as a broadband sourceand outputs standard and/or high definition audio/video signals suitablefor a display 988 such as a television and/or monitor and/or other videoand/or audio output devices. Signal processing and/or control circuits984 and/or other circuits (not shown) of the set top box 980 may processdata, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, formatdata and/or perform any other set top box function.

Set top box 980 may communicate with mass data storage 990 that storesdata in a nonvolatile manner and may use jitter measurement. Mass datastorage 990 may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices forexample hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. The HDD may be a mini HDD thatincludes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller thanapproximately 1.8″. Set top box 980 may be connected to memory 994 suchas RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/orother suitable electronic data storage. Set top box 980 also may supportconnections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface 996. The WLANnetwork interface 996 may include a beamform controller controlling anarray antenna as discussed herein.

Referring now to FIG. 9E, the pseudo-omni-directional beamformingtechniques described herein may be used in a media player 1000. Themedia player 1000 may include either or both signal processing and/orcontrol circuits, which are generally identified in FIG. 9E at 1004, aWLAN interface and/or mass data storage 1010 of the media player 1000.In some implementations, media player 1000 includes a display 1007and/or a user input 1008 such as a keypad, touchpad and the like. Insome implementations, media player 1000 may employ a graphical userinterface (GUI) that typically employs menus, drop down menus, iconsand/or a point-and-click interface via display 1007 and/or user input1008. Media player 1000 further includes an audio output 1009 such as aspeaker and/or audio output jack. Signal processing and/or controlcircuits 1004 and/or other circuits (not shown) of media player 1000 mayprocess data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations,format data and/or perform any other media player function.

Media player 1000 may communicate with mass data storage 1010 thatstores data such as compressed audio and/or video content in anonvolatile manner and may utilize jitter measurement. In someimplementations, the compressed audio files include files that arecompliant with MP3 format or other suitable compressed audio and/orvideo formats. The mass data storage may include optical and/or magneticstorage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. The HDDmay be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameterthat is smaller than approximately 1.8″. Media player 1000 may beconnected to memory 1014 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatilememory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic datastorage. Media player 1000 also may support connections with a WLAN viaa WLAN network interface 1016. The WLAN network interface 1016 and/orsignal processing circuits 1004 may include a beamform controllercontrolling an antenna array as discussed herein.

Referring to FIG. 9F, the pseudo-omni-directional beamforming techniquesdescribed herein may be utilized in a Voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) phone 1050 that may include an antenna 1052. The VoIP phone 1050may include either or both signal processing and/or control circuits,which are generally identified in FIG. 9F at 1054, a wireless interfaceand/or mass data storage of the VoIP phone 1050. In someimplementations, VoIP phone 1050 includes, in part, a microphone 1058,an audio output 1060 such as a speaker and/or audio output jack, adisplay monitor 1062, an input device 1064 such as a keypad, pointingdevice, voice actuation and/or other input devices, and a WirelessFidelity (WiFi) communication module 1066. Signal processing and/orcontrol circuits 1054 and/or other circuits (not shown) in VoIP phone1050 may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, performcalculations, format data and/or perform other VoIP phone functions.

VoIP phone 1050 may communicate with mass data storage 1056 that storesdata in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storagedevices, for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. The HDD may be amini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that issmaller than approximately 1.8″. VoIP phone 1050 may be connected tomemory 1057, which may be a RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memorysuch as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. VoIPphone 1050 is configured to establish communications link with a VoIPnetwork (not shown) via WiFi communication module 1066. The WiFicommunication module 1066 may include a beamform controller controllingan antenna array as discussed herein, for use in communicating data viathe WiFi communication module 1066 or via the audio output 1060 incommunication with an accessory, such as a Bluetooth headset (notdepicted).

The various blocks, operations, and techniques described above may beimplemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination ofhardware, firmware, and/or software. When implemented in software, thesoftware may be stored in any computer readable memory such as on amagnetic disk, an optical disk, or other storage medium, in a RAM or ROMor flash memory of a computer, processor, hard disk drive, optical diskdrive, tape drive, etc. Likewise, the software may be delivered to auser or a system via any known or desired delivery method including, forexample, on a computer readable disk or other transportable computerstorage mechanism or via communication media. Communication mediatypically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures,program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as acarrier wave or other transport mechanism. The term “modulated datasignal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics setor changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. Byway of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wiredmedia such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wirelessmedia such as acoustic, radio frequency, infrared and other wirelessmedia. Thus, the software may be delivered to a user or a system via acommunication channel such as a telephone line, a DSL line, a cabletelevision line, a wireless communication channel, the Internet, etc.(which are viewed as being the same as or interchangeable with providingsuch software via a transportable storage medium). When implemented inhardware, the hardware may comprise one or more of discrete components,an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC), etc.

While the present invention has been described with reference tospecific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not tobe limiting of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art that changes, additions or deletions in addition tothose explicitly described above may be made to the disclosedembodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention.

1. An apparatus comprising: a beamform controller to determine aplurality of beamforming vectors to control an antenna of a wirelesscommunication device, wherein the antenna is to transmit over a wirelessnetwork, and wherein the plurality of beamforming vectors are determinedto assign each of a plurality of narrow-band beams, broadcast from theantenna, to a different frequency band of the wireless network, whereineach of the plurality of narrow-band beams has a different angulardirection from each other of the plurality of narrow-band beams, andwherein the plurality of narrow-band beams are distributed over abeamspace to form a pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern when broadcastfrom the antenna, and wherein the beamform controller is further tosimultaneously broadcast the plurality of narrow-band beams in atime-varying manner such that the angular direction of each of theplurality of narrow-band beams varies with time.
 2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the time-varying manner comprises a random time-varyingmanner
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the time-varying mannercomprises an ordered time-varying manner
 4. The apparatus of claim 3,wherein the ordered time-varying manner is a clockwise orcounterclockwise rotation of the narrow-band beams about a central nullof the antenna.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the beamformcontroller is further to control the antenna such that the angulardirections for the plurality of narrow-band beams are uniformlydistributed around a central null of the antenna.
 6. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the beamform controller is further to control theantenna such that the angular directions for the plurality ofnarrow-band beams are orthogonal to one another.
 7. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises the antenna.
 8. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the apparatus is a base station.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the antenna comprises an array of antennaelements for transmitting the plurality of narrow-band beams over a 360°beamspace.
 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the antenna comprisesantenna elements for transmitting the plurality of narrow-band beamsover a sector beamspace spanning less than 360°, where thepseudo-omni-directional beam pattern spans the sector beamspace.
 11. Amobile station in a wireless network, the mobile station comprising: anantenna to receive a pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern, thepseudo-omni-directional beam pattern containing a plurality ofnarrow-band beams each for a different frequency band of the wirelessnetwork; and a controller to determine a feedback signal indicating acharacteristic property for each narrow-band beam in thepseudo-omni-directional beam pattern, and transmit the feedback signalfor receipt at a base station for scheduling communications between thebase station and the mobile station.
 12. The mobile station of claim 11,wherein the pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern varies in atime-varying manner.
 13. The mobile station of claim 11, wherein theplurality of narrow-band beams each have a different angular directionand are collectively distributed over a beamspace to form thepseudo-omni-directional beam pattern.
 14. The mobile station of claim11, wherein the plurality of narrow-band beams vary in a randomtime-varying manner.
 15. The mobile station of claim 11, wherein theplurality of narrow-band beams vary in an ordered time-varying manner.16. The mobile station of claim 15, wherein the ordered time-varyingmanner is a clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of the narrow-bandbeams about a central null of an antenna at the base station.
 17. Themobile station of claim 11, wherein the feedback signal is asignal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signal determined for each of the pluralityof narrow-band beams.
 18. The mobile station of claim 11, wherein thefeedback signal contains modulation and coding set (MCS) data.
 19. Amethod of communication between a base station and mobile stations in awireless network, the method comprising: receiving, at the mobilestations, a pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern broadcast from the basestation, the pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern containing a pluralityof narrow-band beams each for a different sub-carrier of the wirelessnetwork; each mobile station respectively determining a feedback signalfor each of the plurality of narrow-band beams received from the basestation; and the mobile stations transmitting the determined feedbacksignals for receipt at the base station.
 20. The method of claim 19,wherein the pseudo-omni-directional beam pattern varies in atime-varying manner.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the pluralityof narrow-band beams each have a different angular direction and arecollectively distributed over a beamspace to form thepseudo-omni-directional beam pattern.
 22. The method of claim 20,wherein the plurality of narrow-band beams vary in a random time-varyingmanner.
 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the plurality of narrow-bandbeams vary in an ordered time-varying manner.
 24. The method of claim23, wherein the ordered time-varying manner is a clockwise orcounterclockwise rotation of the narrow-band beams about a central nullof an antenna at the base station.
 25. The method of claim 19, whereinthe feedback signal is a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signal determinedfor each of the plurality of narrow-band beams.
 26. The method of claim19, wherein the feedback signal contains modulation and coding set (MCS)data.